Smoothly functioning supply chains require efficiently run ports with sufficient infrastructure (break waters, quay wall, yard, roads) and superstructure (cranes, vehicles, sheds, gate), efficient transhipment to and from domestic shipping services, hinterland road networks with adequate capacity, and IT systems that facilitate trade. This report focuses in greater depth on the containerized import chains, as this is where significant issues remain to be solved. More general conclusions are reached about non-containerised import and export chains